Suffering physical persecution under the caliph for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding reputation" in the annals of Sunni history. Having studied fiqh and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the Mihna, the inquisition instituted by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun towards the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the Muʿtazilite dogma of the Quran being created, a view that contradicted the orthodox doctrine of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated Word of God. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Sunni Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most important Sunni hadith collections, the Musnad, which has continued to exercise considerable influence in the field of hadith studies up to the present time. Particularly jurists and mystics of the Hanbali school like Abu Dawood, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, Harb ibn Ismail al-Kirmani, Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Ibn Aqil, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Qudamah, Ibn Hamdan, Ibn Taymiyyah, Abdullah Ansari, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Rajab, Ibn Muflih, Mar'i al-Karmi, Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Asad al Hanbali, Badr al Deen al HanbaliĪ highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history, who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area of" the traditionalist perspective within Sunni Islam. His more than forty books include biographies of Abu Hanifah, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Zayd ibn Ali, Jafar as-Sadiq, Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Taymiyyah, as well as works on personal status, pious endowments (waqf), property, and crime and punishment in Islamic law. He taught at al-Azhar's faculty of theology and later, as Professor of Islamic law at Cairo University.Between 19, he taught courses on the history of religions, denominations and sects at Azhar, during which time his lectures on comparative religion and Christianity were given, though the latter wasn't published until 1965. In 1916, he scored highest on the entry examination for the judiciary institute in the Gharbia rGovernorate despite being several years younger and less experienced than his colleagues.Having been rooted in traditional Azharite education, and never having studied in Europe or in Egyptian Westernized schools, Abu Zahra has been criticized by Orientalists as having a superficial grasp of Western methods. In 1913, Abu Zahra completed high school and enrolled in the Ahmadi Madrasa in Tanta. Abu Zahra was born on Main El-Mahalla El-Kubra, the second largest city in the Nile Delta. He also served as a member of al-Azhar's Academy of Islamic Research. Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898 1974) was an Egyptian public intellectual, scholar of Islamic law, and author.
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